2018 SCHOLARSHIP WINNER
Kristen Newcombe
Why I am applying for this scholarship….
The main reason I am applying for this scholarship is that I could use the $500.00 to pay for the
books I need to further my education and become a teacher. This will be a major relief knowing I
will be able to afford my books. Thank you for consideration of my application.
Pagans are a minority in collages all over Michigan. The following reasons are why I am
applying for this scholarship. The first is growing up in a Christian community was difficult. The
community always had perceived views of what Pagan means. Also, there were always people
who looked down on my family for being openly Pagan. Even into adulthood I still meet people
with misguided beliefs that Pagans or Wiccans are heathens who dance around naked and curse
those who have wronged them. The second is the money would help pay for books and assist in
stabilizing me as a college student.
What being Pagan means to me….
Pagan, it means to be open and understanding to all beliefs and never judge
someone for what they look like or what they believe in. This is what I have learned from my
Pagan parents. Over the last thirteen years of my life my parents have been openly Pagan. They
opened a non-profit, and try to help others as often as they can. My mother has always said that
we aren’t Pagan to make money. They spend money to help others when they can, be it donating
food to “Pagans In Need”, or helping out a family in need who may need new mattresses,
because theirs were unhealthy and making them sick. They may have started out as solitary
witches, but slowly they have become a major hub for the pagan community and have adopted
many groups into their little Pagan family. Their festival is a gathering of friends and family and
continues to grow every year. I am so proud of my Pagan parents and what they have
accomplished.
My parent’s non-profit includes an animal sanctuary, they have taken in multiple cats and
even a few dogs. Some of the dogs have found forever homes and some of the cats are available
for adoption every festival held on the grounds, when we have any. It is open to everyone so that
the community can see that being Pagan does not inherently mean being a heathen or a tree
hugger. We as a family have committed ourselves into helping the environment by adopting the
four miles of road we live on. We were the first in the county and possibly the State to adopt an
unpaved road. For the last 15 years we have been walking the road and picking up the trash that
our neighbors throw out their windows. We are here to help Mother Earth. It has been a slow
process, but the neighbors have seen the difference that we have made and will now wave at us
or stop and chat with my dad while we clean up the road. On a couple occasions they even thank
us for doing it. Which is nice to hear.
For the longest time my friends would ask me what it was like to live with Pagan parents.
I would tell them that it really isn’t any different than living with non-Pagan parents. The only
difference is that my parents like to plant trees and open their property up to anyone who needs
to come out and escape from the pressures of living in the city.
My parents have always been there to help me when I needed it and for that I am
eternally grateful. It is because of my Pagan upbringing that has made me the person I am today.
Being able to accept people for who they are and not judge them. Having a desire to help those in
need and advocate for those who can’t stand up for themselves. Along with advocating for those
who can’t, it lead me to look into teaching as a profession.
Advertisings Effect on Children
Kristen Newcombe
ENG 150-021
Professor Kathryn Wykes
Ninety-five percent of food advertised on Saturday mornings during children’s shows are
junk food (Harpers Index). Children have been targets of company’s advertisements since the
beginning of Televisions in 1948. Does it affect their eating habits, attitudes, development, or
health? Others inquire about the regulations surrounding it. So, what is the relationship between
advertising and its effects on children?
When televisions were first made they used children’s cartoons to attract adults into
purchasing them. They showed children programs from six to eight pm during the week. Once it
was common to have a TV in the house they started selling air time to companies to make more
money. Companies moved children’s shows from weekday evenings to Saturday mornings, so
their viewing audience would increase from children to families. In 1970 The Action for
Children’s Television (ACT) wanted to control the amount of advertising and violence children
saw, so they filed a petition to remove advertisements from children’s shows with the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). They were approved for less commercials and the
removal of inappropriate ads during children’s shows (Cohen).
In the early 1980s a deregulation gave broadcasters the ability to advertise a toy from
the show once it was over, increasing their (companies) sales. In the 1990s the Children’s
Television Act (CTA) got approval to require that all stations show a minimum of three hours of
educational programs every week and in 1992 networks decided to limit the on-screen violence
and even put up warnings before the show. It wasn’t for another four years that the
Telecommunications Act had a V-chip installed into all TVs so that parents could block certain
ratings from their children’s eyes (Cohen).
In 1990 the CTA limited commercials to 10.5 minutes/hour on weekends and 12
minutes/hour on
weekdays, they all but completely removed the time slot for Public Service Announcements
(PSAs) (Scheibe). Also, they made it a requirement that stations must show at least three hours
of educational programs per week (Cohen). In 1974 the FCC had networks add in bumpers that
were at least 5 seconds long before and after the show back. In April 2000 Congress regulated
information gathering online with the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). The
United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed a ban in 1978 but was shut down.
This was influenced by bans in place to protect the youth in other countries (Scantlin).
Some of these countries were Sweden, Norway, Greece, and Canada which have strong
rules on advertisements towards children (Shrum). In Sweden they have strict bans on
advertising and made it illegal to advertise to children under the age of 12. In the European
Union (EU) there is a code of conduct that is not enforced by the law but is voluntary. Other
countries in Europe have different ideas of what to do about advertising that targets children. In
France they do not see it as harmful, and in Spain they see restricting or deeming it illegal to
advertise to children as undemocratic (Stimpson).
The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) investigated the rise of violent content after
the Columbine school shooting by demand of President Clinton. The FTC found that ratings
were inconsistent with the cautionary messages. In 2004 they also found problems in cross-
industry marketing. The cross-industry marketing would mix ratings for example a trailer for The
Matrix movie (rated R) within a video game (rated T) this would expose younger children to
inappropriate entertainment content for adults. Kathryn Montgomery examined online marketing
and data collection on children. Targeting children for data collection is a harmful invasion of
their privacy. Its also seen as unfair to advertise to children since they do not understand the
intent behind the advertisements they see (Scantlin).
According to Advertising, Effects on Children by Cyndy L. Scheibe, 74% of children
named commercial websites as their favorites. Only 13% knew that the websites were for
advertising while the rest thought the sites were just for entertainment. Even with using websites
to advertise, company’s main way to reach children under 12 is through television. Other ways
they advertise is through billboards, product placement in video games and movies, and another
is indirect or direct advertising in schools. The average child sees more than 40,000
commercials on TV in a year. In the commercials children see are divided by 30% of are for high
sugared cereals, 15-20% are for highly sugared beverages, candy, and ice cream treats,
another 10-15% are for high-fat foods. Real food; foods that are good for people are rarely ever
advertised.
The phycologists who works for the food and toy industries help target an audience; for
example, children ages 3-7 enjoy toys involving dressing up and the use of their imagination.
While children ages 8-12 enjoy things that are collectable, be it cards or figurines. The
phycologist, Dr. Kenner, sees an impact advertising has on the development of children. It can
make children have a low self-esteem, or even feel inferior for not having the newest toy
(Stimpson).
Another thing advertising has brought up is the increase of materialistic values. There
haven’t been many studies done on how advertising effects materialism. Some reasons of the
low amount of evidence is that it’s difficult to understand what materialism is and that it is harder
to do research on children. The general definition of materialism is the fixation on material
objects with a disinterest in or rejection of spiritual, intellectual, or cultural values. While the
definition puts it in terms of wanting something physical some people see materialism as an
emotional response. They see it in the traits of envy, jealousy, and lack of generosity. Trying to
study these traits in young children is difficult since the child might not have developed them
and if they have developed they might not know how to word them. When research is done
there are more early indicators found then actual answers. Some of the early indicators found
are an attitude change, preference and the frequency a product is requested (Shrum).
Professionals working with children have argued that advertising to them isn’t right
because they cannot understand the intent. Deborah Roedder John (1999) used Jean Piaget’s
framework of children’s cognitive development to create the three stages of information
processing. Which are cued, limited, and strategic. The cued process are children under 7 who
pay more attention to the anesthetics of commercials; limited process is children 7 to 11 and
strategic is 12 and older these two processes look at things in a more thoughtful way and can
see the intent behind the commercial. The strategic process can use this knowledge as a
defense (Shrum).
Imitation play was promoted by program-length commercials instead of imaginative play,
this was found from the research Patricia Greenfeild did (Scantlin). Children are misled to
believe that high sugared foods like Froot Loops and Fruit Roll-Ups have real fruit because of
commercials showing fruit popping out of the food or a child turning into fruit after eating some.
The Psychologic Association found it to be even more harmful to allow advertisements in
schools because it leads children to see it as a credible source of information making the
products wanted more and healthier than they really are (Scheibe).
Food advertisements have a direct influence on children’s eating habits. Eating disorders
that are started in childhood go into adulthood and can lead to long-term health problems. In the
U.S. 15% of children are overweight. That’s twice as high in children and three times as high in
teens when compared to children and teens in 1980. There are at least 60% of children at risk
of both cardiovascular health issues and type 2 diabetes. If you were to look at the calories
children consume in America 50% of it comes from foods high in added sugars or fats (Story).
The foods that are advertised to children would highly exceed their daily consumption of fat and
sodium (Scheibe). The reason food marketing became such a large subject is the rising
childhood obesity rates. To improve children’s quality of life and their health, The World Health
Organization wanted to restrict the advertisement of foods high in added sugar or fats (Elliot).
I knew that advertising on children happened but was unaware of how often and how
severe it was. I learned that children are at more risk of advertisements during adult shows then
their own. Companies place ads for children products in between adult shows to show parents
the new items that are available. On the other side of these ads that are shown at this time are
for adults, but they are there more to entice children into things outside their ratings. It was
interesting to learn about how other countries handle advertisements that target children. It was
more difficult to find information about this topic then it should be.
Young children have lower abilities to recognize an advertisements intent; making them
more vulnerable to misleading information (Scantlin); which has a negative effect on their overall lives.
It has been in everyone’s lives so much since childhood that it has become normal to overlook
the subliminal intent advertisements have. As adults we can choose to ignore the ads. Children
on the other hand cannot, they are easily captured by ads and we are the first defense.
Protecting children from the effects of advertising is important to everyone. Even if you don’t
have children now, one day you might, and they will be the targets of advertisements. This is
important information to know if you plan to work with or deal with children. Another thing to
think about is that food advertised today hasn’t changed since the 1960s.
Work Cited
Cohen, David Ian. "Television, History of Children's Programs on." Encyclopedia of Children,
Adolescents, and the Media. Jeffrey J. Arnett. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.,
2007. 807-808. SAGE Knowledge. https://search-credoreferencecom.
ezproxy.ferris.edu/content/entry/sagecam/television_history_of_children_s_programs_on/0. 6
Feb.
2018, doi: 10.4135/9781412952606.n432.
Elliott, Charlene D., et al. "Food branding and young children's taste preferences: a
reassessment." Canadian Journal of Public Health, vol. 104, no. 5, 2013, p. e364+. Academic
OneFile,
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A351612847/AONE?u=lom_ferrissu&sid=AONE&xid=0219b
184.
Accessed 8 Feb. 2018.
Harpers Index. Center for Science in the Public Interest (Washington),
harpers.org/harpersindex?
s=Advertising+effects+on+children. Accessed 17 Feb. 2018.
Scantlin, Ronda M. "Advertising, Effects on Children." Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents,
and the Media, edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Sage Publications, 1st edition, 2007. Credo
Reference,
http://ezproxy.ferris.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sagecam/ad
vertising
_effects_on_children/0?institutionId=723. Accessed 06 Feb 2018.
Scheibe, Cyndy L. "Food Advertising to Children." Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents, and
the Media, edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Sage Publications, 1st edition, 2007. Credo
Reference,
http://ezproxy.ferris.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sagecam/foo
d_advert
ising_to_children/0?institutionId=723. Accessed 06 Feb 2018.
Scheibe, Cyndy. "Advertising on Children's Programs." Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents,
and the Media, edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Sage Publications, 1st edition, 2007. Credo
Reference,
http://ezproxy.ferris.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sagecam/ad
vertising
_on_children_s_programs/0?institutionId=723. Accessed 06 Feb 2018.
Shrum, L. J. "Advertising, Materialism and." Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents, and the
Media, edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Sage Publications, 1st edition, 2007. Credo Reference,
http://ezproxy.ferris.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sagecam/ad
vertising
_materialism_and/0?institutionId=723. Accessed 06 Feb 2018.
Stimpson, Peter. "Marketing to children: a case for government legislation? Peter Stimpson
examines the ethical issues involved in marketing to children." Business Review [UK], Feb.
2007, p. 36+. General Reference Center GOLD,
http://link.galegroup.com.ezproxy.ferris.edu/apps/doc/A159696103/GRGM?u=lom_ferrissu&sid=
GRG
M&xid=6c96e5cb. Accessed 8 Feb. 2018
Story, Mary, and Simone French. “Food Advertising and Marketing Directed at Children and
Adolescents in the US.” The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 1
(2004): 3. PMC.
https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5868-1-3. Accessed 6 Feb. 2018_
ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS IN JANUARY 2019
Michigan Pagan College Scholarship Fund is offering a $500.00 Scholarship for a rising high school senior, undergraduate, or graduate. All applicants must LIVE in Michigan. Applicants must be 17 years of age or older, have a current GPA of 2.5 or higher, be Pagan, and currently accepted in a full time course of study in any accredited two or four-year college or university. Applicants must provide their most recent school transcript to establish state of residency, and GPA requirements. In addition they must also state the reason for applying for this scholarship in 250 words or less and submit a 500 word essay about what being a Pagan means to them. There is a third essay a 3 Page typed, double-spaced, MLA formatted pages on the scholarly topic of your choosing.
As always good luck to all those who apply.
Michigan Pagan College Scholarship Fund